POPE GREGORY VII

The Holy Roman emperors tried to control the Church's affairs in their lands. They wanted the right to choose bishops but the Church disagreed. In the 1070s this led to a big dispute between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who should become the next archbishop of Milan. This was an important post in the Church. It was also important to the Holy Roman Empire as Milan controlled the mountain passes between Germany and Italy. In 1075 Gregory said Henry had no right to choose any of the bishops. In revenge, Henry said that Gregory was no longer pope. Since not many people supported Henry in this, Gregory excommunicated him. This meant Henry was no longer a member of the Church and would go to Hell after he died. It also meant his subjects did not have to obey him, and this led to civil war. In 1077 Henry went to the pope at Canossa and asked to be forgiven. Gregory kept him waiting outside for three days in a snowstorm before forgiving him and removing the ban of excommunication. In 1080 Henry IV was again excommunicated and declared deposed by Pope Gregory. The civil war ended. The quarrel over choosing bishops was finally settled in 1122. There were many more disputes over land and power, and neither side ever really won.

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